The New York Conspiracy Trials Race and Class Essay

The New York Conspiracy Trials happened in New York during the year 1741. Before this year, countless other slave revolts occurred that made the New Yorkers anxious and nervous for an uprising. During the particularly cold winter of 1741, many whites were afraid that slave revolts would happen again. On top of that, New York had helped Britain against Spain. Countless of these worried folks thought that the slaves (along with some poor whites) and the Spanish were going to work together to overthrow New York. The conspiracy trials proved that all New Yorkers understood the hierarchies of status, race, and gender, even when they imagined overturning some of them. Originally, there were no conspiracy allegations. At first, it began as a†¦show more content†¦The taverns were the only places where they could mingle together without getting in trouble for it. Many of the wealthy whites in New York thought that racial mixing should never occur. According to the witnesses, â€Å"t he aim of the conspiracy was not so much to eradicate status altogether as to reverse the status of the city`s highest and lowest.† It was said that in the aftermath of the uprising, the tavern keeper would become the king and the slave a governor. However, a white man would still have a more powerful position than a black one. Likewise, even as the black men imagined being more powerful than white men, they envisioned white women as â€Å"passive bodies to be handed over from one man to another†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They contemplated women as just pieces of property that did not serve any other purpose other than having children or sex. Back in the eighteenth century, wealth combined with ethnicity, race, family, age, and gender to create social divisions known as â€Å"rank.† When social confusion happened in New York, authorities were driven to try to toughen the boundaries of traditional ranks. Through the courts` verdicts, Horsmanden had hoped to create a society in which there were â€Å"clear social distinctions between slaves, elite whites, indentured servants, free blacks, and free whites, as well as between men and women in all these categories.† These distinctions wereShow MoreRelatedAngela Davis and Feminism Essay1562 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization influenced by the Communist Party. Growing up around the ideas and theories of communism, Angela Davis developed an intellectual mindset for equal rights. Davis was even taught about socialism and communism at her integrated high school in New York City, Elizabeth Irwin High School. Angela Davis began her college career at Brandeis University to study French which granted her the opportunity to study abroad in France. In 1963, while Davis was in France four black girls were killed in a churchRead MoreRederick Douglass Once Said â€Å"The Thing Worse Than Rebellion1821 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"The New York Conspiracy of 1741,† â€Å"Nat Turner’s Rebellion†, and â€Å"Frederick Douglass’s Abolitionist Movement†. The three slave rebellions created by the conspirators in the New Yor k Conspiracy of 1741, Nat Turner and Frederick Douglas were all enacted to bring about social reform; however, some rebellions were more effective in bringing social reform than the others. Beginning in the Spring of 1741 in months of March and April, a series of 13 fires broke out in the division of Manhattan in New YorkRead MoreThe Murder Of A Prison Guard890 Words   |  4 Pagesand judge of the Superior Court Harold Haley. Soon after the incident, Davis was charged with kidnapping, conspiracy, and murder, in the state of California that can get you the death penalty. 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Phase 1 – Children The first of Hitler’s new euthanasia programs targeted disabled children throughout Germany. Hitler issued a secret order to set the euthanasia programs into motion in 1939.8 The secret euthanasia program, led by Philipp Bouhler, director of Hitler s private chancellery, andRead MoreBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 Pagesobliged to do so.†1 The social and political revolutions of 1960s have made fulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks Higgingbotham, ed., Harvard Guide to African American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, Jr., eds., The African American Experience: An HistoriographicalRead MoreTimothy Mcveigh The American Terrorist1673 Words   |  7 Pagesand injured hundreds more. Histo ry.com Staff. (2009). Which at the time was the biggest terrorist attack before September 11th 2001. Timothy McVeigh lived a rather normal childhood, where he acted just like other kids in his rural town of Lockport New York. As a young boy he did have a huge interest in guns which might have led to him enlisting in to the United States Army with hopes of becoming a Green Beret, also known as Army Special Forces. Timothy McVeigh ended up serving a tour in Iraq duringRead MoreNelson Mandela Spiritual Biography2263 Words   |  10 Pagescommits it with the intention of maintaining that regime. Mandela would oppose the ideas of this regime and eventually play a major role in the elimination of the apartheid they worked in evil to create. In his autobiography Nelson Mandela describes his trials and tribulations on his journey to the freedom of South Africa hence the name of the book â€Å" Long Walk To Freedom†. From the time when he was young, Mandela was raised to be a le ader. 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Gods Gods And Goddesses Free Essays

The term gods and goddesses can be best explained and understood under four sediment cultural predispositions. First is the monotheistic culture of uneven attitude towards gods and goddesses when God is said to serve as the supreme being of the universe, the one who there are no others, in contrast to the observation Of the Greek philosopher Thales that † the world is full of gods†, the central of Islam begins, â€Å"there is no other God but Allah† and the warning â€Å"you shall have no other gods before† which heads the lists of the ten commandment given to Moses in the biblical world. Secondly, the demystification of the universe comes from the Scientific rationalism that Gods are fiction, a mere projection of natural realities. We will write a custom essay sample on Gods Gods And Goddesses or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thirdly approach is the deistic conceptuality with a general ideas as a metaphysical hypothesis designating ultimate order in the universe, something to be argued about and not something to be sacrificed to. Fourth is the Universalism one that the main gods of the world religions are all versions of the same affable divine reality such as Allah, God, Brahmas, Buddha and Tao from various transcendent mystery. Like myth and rituals, a god is a form of religion that can have any content, which could be demonic or benign, male or female, limited or unlimited in power. It can represent the power of vengeance, kingship, love, ancestry, luck, territory, wisdom, fertility and consciousness. The word god is used generically here to mean any superior being that humans religiously engage; either being visible, invisible, inhabiting past, present or future can function as a god. Buddha and bodhisattva function as gods in many ways, even though they are a very different genre of being than gods of theism. God, odds and goddesses are not fantasy symbols but beings whose realms cannot be violated with impunity and also correlates with the critical points of a world where humans are most open to the power of the others, from political order to ritual purity. Traditionally, Ancestors, Elders and emperors receiving the same reverence as gods appearing as messiah, redeemers and inner guides delivering them of illness and supplications. Hindus acknowledge that, at the most fundamental level, God is the One without a second -? the absolute, formless, and only Reality known as Brahmas, the Supreme, universal Soul. Brahmas is the universe and everything in It. Brahmas has no form and no limits; it is Reality and Truth. Thus Hinduism is a pantheistic religion: It equates God with the universe. Yet Hindu religion is also polytheistic: populated with myriad gods and goddesses who personify aspects of the one true God, allowing individuals an infinite number of ways to worship based on family tradition, community and regional practices, and other considerations. The Your treat their ancestors with great respect, as might be expected in a culture with only oral records of the past, but anthropologist’s debate as to whether the rituals dealing with ancestry are religious in nature, or simply respectful. At least a few groups believe that ancestors, after death, become demigods, but only once they have assumed the personal of a true deity. This resembles another facet of the Your faith, the phenomenon of possession, in which mediums take on the characteristics of one or another of the gods. The characteristics of each god are so well stereotyped that mediums as far off as Haiti loll back their heads and cross their legs in the same way when possessed by the lightning god (Idiot, 1963). In traditional Roman Catholicism the polytheistic outlook Was carried on to some degree in the veneration of multitude of saints. Forty different saints were invoked in the French Vogues as â€Å"guardians of livestock and protectors from all kind of sickness such as gout, toothache and burns (SST. Augustine for instance protected one from warts), as protectors in the storms and against fleas. In Asian, there is a similar assimilation of native spirits of Buddhist saints. The name of invocation could change but the domain (childbirth, small pox etc) of the god or saint remained the same. Some gods are patrons of specific communities of people. In traditional cultures every significant collectivity would have a sacred group spirit of some kind. In many societies domestic spirits or ancestors rule the household circle. The Japanese sun goddesses, Amateurs, is the ancestress of all the gods, the imperial family, and ultimately the Japanese people. Maltreat was the god of tire, Moloch of cartage, Estate of Blush, Maraud of Babylon, Jupiter of Rome and Heehaw of Jerusalem. Christians profess Jesus as their personal Lord and Savior, leaning his presence in the heart and a desire that they are not alone. Mahayana Buddhist tradition speaks of every one being â€Å"the Buddha† â€Å"Islamic mysticism takes its cue from the Guarani phrase that Allah is closer to us than our very jugular veins. The faiths of the Hardbound peoples of Western Nigeria vary significantly from one part of the region to another; the same deity may be male in one village and female in the next, or the characteristics of two gods may be embodied in a single deity in a neighboring region; in the city of Ill Fife in Nigeria alone the trickster god is worshipped under three different names. These variations inevitably arose as the myths were passed by word of mouth; add to them the incorporation into the Your faith of facets of outside religions, particularly Christianity and Islam, and understanding the faith becomes difficult indeed. The religions, however, share a similar structure, â€Å"diffused monotheism†; a single omnipotent creator-god rules over the universe, along with several hundred lower gods, each with a specific domain of rule. Shannon, the god Wool Saying refers to in his poem â€Å"aunt of he Stone†, occupies a major position in the pantheon of the Your, although he holds a less important position in neighboring ethnic groups. Shannon (also spelled Gangs and Sago) creates thunder and lightning by casting â€Å"thunderstorms† down to earth; wherever lightning strikes, priests search the surrounding area for the thrown stone. The Your believe these stones have special powers, and they enshrine the stones in temples to the god. The Your people do not consider him the most powerful or even the most important god; rather, his popularity may have resulted from attempts to radar off the frequent tornadoes that strike western Africa. Curiously, the Your never actively worship their all-powerful god, variously known as Loran (â€Å"the owner Of the sky†) or Lodestar (roughly translates as â€Å"the almighty†), among many other names. Unlike Shannon, who has dozens of shrines erected to him, Loran has not a single shrine; the Your never make sacrifices to him, and he has no priests. He plays much the same role as do the Jude-Christian and Islamic gods– he is â€Å"the creator of all things, the almighty and all-knowing, the giver of life and breath, and the final judge of mankind†, and yet the Your apparently ignore him in their day-to-day lives. A theory explains that perhaps Loran developed through the influence of early Islamic or Christian missionaries, as a simulacrum of the gods of those religions. This finds support in the argument that the Your find the concept of an almighty God so overwhelming and remote that they cannot relate Loran to their reality. Some Your legends have a pair of gods, Originals (Bobtail, Arise-anal) and his wife Audio, as supreme creating deities, either independent of almighty Loran or preceding him. How to cite Gods Gods And Goddesses, Papers

Sherman Antitrust Act free essay sample

There are 4 main pieces of legislation that are collectively known as the Anti-trust laws. They are the Sherman Antitrust Act, The Federal Trade commission Act, The Clayton Antitrust Act and the Celler-Kefauver Act. The Sherman Antitrust Act is legislation enacted to protect Americans against monopolies. It makes it illegal to make contracts or conspire to restrict trade or commerce. It also outlaws monopolies. The Federal Trade Commission Act established the Federal Trade Commission and set up how it would be run, with a group of 5 people that did not follow party lines that would be chosen for 7 years terms and would make sure no antitrust laws were being broken. The Clayton Antitrust Law closed a lot of the loopholes that the Sherman Antitrust Act had left open; it went more into detail about what exactly were prohibited actions and what would be done about them. The Celler-Kefauver Act closed a major loophole in the Clayton Act that prohibited companies from buying up all the physical assets of a competing company rather than the stock of that company. We will write a custom essay sample on Sherman Antitrust Act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page B. To protect consumers there are specific regulations put into effect. In an Oligopoly market structure there is a small number of sellers. What one seller does, in terms of cost structure or product for example, can greatly affect the other firms in the oligopoly. Because of these, sometimes the sellers will join together to try and set certain price points or collude with each other. When this happens naturally, it is ok but regulations have been set forth that companies cannot contact each other about these. Regulations are intended to protect the consumer from the large firms working together to drive prices higher and higher. A great example of an Oligopoly is the Mobile phone market. In a monopoly, rather than multiple companies owning the market, only one company owns the market. If left unchecked this would allow that company to inflate the price of their goods. Some examples of this would be the gas company. Since you have to go with only one choice for services if left unregulated they could set the price as high as they wanted since they have no competition. Regulations on monopolies protect consumers. C. There are three primary federal and state regulatory commission, they are the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the State Public Utility Commissions and the Federal Trade commission. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission regulates the interstate sale of electricity, oil pipelines, natural gas, etc. They can impose reliability standards and can also fine companies that try to manipulate the pricing of those utilities. The State Public Utilities Commissions is tasked with protecting each individual states right to a fair price for electricity, gas and telephone. The Federal Trade Commission has the job of consumer protections. They make sure that no monopolies are being created. They also make sure that businesses are having fair practices such as mergers, advertising and not participating in fraud. D. Social Regulation is intended to protect the population along socially acceptable. They focus more on how the goods are made, employment practices, and how safe the goods are for both consumers and the environment. All market structures and most companies have to take these into account so societal regulations are much broader reaching than industrial regulations. Social regulations can lead to higher prices and operating costs, but in many cases the benefits to society outweighs the cost. Social regulations can defiantly increase economic efficiency for companies. It leads to better and safer working conditions, safer products, and helps to avoid costly litigation for companies. E. There are five primary federal regulatory commissions that govern social regulation. They are the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Food and Drug Administration, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and the Environmental Protection Agency. The Consumer Product Safety Commission is charged with protecting consumers from the products they buy. They make sure that things such as appliances, cribs and car seats follow certain safety requirements. They ban dangerous goods and can issue safety recalls if products are deemed unsafe. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration make sure that workplaces are safe for employees. They have certain regulations on how to handle chemicals and even bodily fluids. They also set forth rules on training and enforce the whistleblower laws. The Food and Drug Administration makes sure that our food and medicines are safe for consumption. Their job is to promote public health through regulations on food, tobacco and even some medical devices. They also oversee vaccinations. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was established to ensure that all people regardless of race, religion, gender, national origin, age, disability, color and added recently sexual orientation are not discriminated against in the workplace. The Environmental Protection Agency is in charge of protecting the environment and human health. They can conduct environmental studies to see how building a factory may affect the surrounding environment and also how a company’s waste and emissions maybe effecting the health of near by citizens.

Okrent, Daniel. Last Call The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. Scribner (May 11, 2010)

The author explores the process of prohibition of the production, sale and even transportation of alcohol and any other intoxicating liquor in the United States. He explains how this prohibition came into effect. He says that the prohibition came through the eighteenth amendment to the American constitution whose cause was fueled by several movements among them being the famous anti-immigrant sentiment and temperance movement among others. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Okrent, Daniel. Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. Scribner (May 11, 2010) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He breaks down on the politics involved in this prohibition in the year 1919 till the enactment of the prohibition in the year that followed. The author is generally trying to put across the changes that took place after the prohibition was effected both in terms of culture and way of life. He explores the reaction of the ordina ry citizens where he asks and provides answers to this social experiment that seems not to be successful due to the outcomes witnessed like rise in gangster era. The author relied on the primary sources to obtain first hand information concerning this scenario. He collected this information from the ordinary American citizens to gauge their perception concerning prohibition that was effected following the eighteenth amendment to the constitution. However he also employed secondary works like the constitution review in explaining the amendments made to the constitution that prohibited any intoxicating liquor in United States. The sources were very appropriate to the main theme that the author was trying to put across following the fact that he wanted to explore the politics of prohibition and the consequences that followed. He had to get the information from the citizens themselves. Being a journalist, the author has demonstrated good skills on the use and analysis of various source s to explore the politics of prohibition. One example demonstrating good use of the sources is where he explores prohibition not only in terms of what was amended in the constitution but also applies this knowledge to relate prohibition to the earliest themes in the 20th century and traces its roots of emergence from ethnic, religious, social and political backgrounds. According to my own observation of the author’s ideas, I think he demonstrates some form of prejudice and bias. He terms the whole prohibition scenario as a failed social experiment. He says that many ordinary citizens did not respond positively following the enactment of this prohibition. Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, the ordinary American citizens did not welcome the amendment. As much as the law enforcers expected positive outcomes in terms of culture and way of life, the opposite turned out as the outcome. According to my own assessment, this is a very interesting book in a way that it explores the process of change, enactment of change and the outcomes of change. As much as change is desirable, sometimes the more things are changed, the more they remain the same and this has been well demonstrated in this book where by banning of alcohol did not realize changes expected. Instead, things remained the same as before leading to a failed social experiment. This is a very useful book in this course as it teaches on prohibition and effects of change. In order to be successful in enacting new laws, the ordinary citizens play a vital role since they are the ones that determine the success of the change. This essay on Okrent, Daniel. Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition. Scribner (May 11, 2010) was written and submitted by user ShinkoYamashiro to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Jocob Lawrence

African American Artist Jacob Lawrence’s work entitled â€Å"Tombstones† With the Harlem Scene and culture as the primary source of encouragement, Jacob Lawrence possessed a profound understanding of black history that is not normally included in textbooks. Lawrence made exposing the reality of black history through art his life quest. His original intention was to provide African Americans with a sense of pride, accomplishment, and hope during a period in time where many African Americans were experiencing a multitude of extreme political, social economic and racial injustices. One of the most famous works of Jacob Lawrence is titled â€Å"Tombstones,† and it was done in 1942, in Harlem, New York. Lawrence was the first African American to gain recognition in the world of American art with the Migration series. The main features or characteristics of the work of art are a strong sense of family and community. â€Å"Tombstones† belongs to the Social realists Movement period of art history. Lawrence, in fact, created his own distinct style, which was a new brand of modernism, revealing topics based on personal experience of Harlem and the lives and aspirations African Americans. He liked to call his style â€Å"dynamic cubism.† In all actuality, â€Å"Tombstones† is not a completed work, in a sense. In fact, it is just a piece of the completed work that brought Jacob Lawrence to a level recognition, which is called â€Å"The Migration of the Negro Panel,† or â€Å"The Migration Series.† The series was comp iled of thirteen separate works that were placed together, that each represented different points of view about the positions of blacks. The topics were; Migration, Transition, Injustice, Struggle, Labor, Education, Discrimination, North/South, Women Workers, Family and Community (â€Å"Tombstones†), Neighborhood and Self. During his career, Lawrence gad a fascination with movies during the Depression years, which... Free Essays on Jocob Lawrence Free Essays on Jocob Lawrence African American Artist Jacob Lawrence’s work entitled â€Å"Tombstones† With the Harlem Scene and culture as the primary source of encouragement, Jacob Lawrence possessed a profound understanding of black history that is not normally included in textbooks. Lawrence made exposing the reality of black history through art his life quest. His original intention was to provide African Americans with a sense of pride, accomplishment, and hope during a period in time where many African Americans were experiencing a multitude of extreme political, social economic and racial injustices. One of the most famous works of Jacob Lawrence is titled â€Å"Tombstones,† and it was done in 1942, in Harlem, New York. Lawrence was the first African American to gain recognition in the world of American art with the Migration series. The main features or characteristics of the work of art are a strong sense of family and community. â€Å"Tombstones† belongs to the Social realists Movement period of art history. Lawrence, in fact, created his own distinct style, which was a new brand of modernism, revealing topics based on personal experience of Harlem and the lives and aspirations African Americans. He liked to call his style â€Å"dynamic cubism.† In all actuality, â€Å"Tombstones† is not a completed work, in a sense. In fact, it is just a piece of the completed work that brought Jacob Lawrence to a level recognition, which is called â€Å"The Migration of the Negro Panel,† or â€Å"The Migration Series.† The series was comp iled of thirteen separate works that were placed together, that each represented different points of view about the positions of blacks. The topics were; Migration, Transition, Injustice, Struggle, Labor, Education, Discrimination, North/South, Women Workers, Family and Community (â€Å"Tombstones†), Neighborhood and Self. During his career, Lawrence gad a fascination with movies during the Depression years, which...

Bride Wars and Year One

They get the wedding planner of their dreams, Marion St Clair who turns out to be the wedding planner of their nightmares and accidently books their weddings on the same day! Neither of them will agree to change their date, so they become enemies. As the tag line quotes â€Å"Even best friends can’t share the same wedding day. † The cake knives are out, but how will everything turn out? â€Å"Year One† is an American film also released in 2009, it is an example of a romantic adventure comedy. It is about two accident-prone Palaeolithic warriors. Jack Black who plays â€Å"Zed â€Å" is a prehistoric would-be hunter he gets kicked out of the tribe in the forest for eating the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. His side kick, â€Å"Oh† played by Michael Cera is a gatherer and turns up to â€Å"try† and save him. The film is about their adventures set in the prehistoric era trying to save their two friends Maya and Eema. Both girls are from their former tribe and have been captured and sold into slavery, on their travels Zed and Oh meet Biblical characters on route to the city of Sodom. Do they succeed in saving them? Although they are of the same genre they couldn’t be more different films. â€Å"Bride Wars† is set in the 21st century, whereas â€Å"Year One† is set in Palaeolithic era, this means there is a very big contrast between them. Bride Wars gives the impression of being a comedy from the expressions on both the actors’ faces. They are both looking straight into each other’s eyes showing a devious look with a comic smirk, in a horror film there would be no trace of a comic smirk. â€Å"Year One† has the aesthetics of a comedy with Jack Black’s expression being apprehensive and confused, his eyebrow is raised. Michael Cera’s facial expression is one of worried eyes which suggests he is just merely a side kick, and doesn’t really have a say in what Jack is going to do next! â€Å"Bride Wars† gives the impression of comedy on the poster, you would never expect brides to have a â€Å"war† or the weapons to be cake knives. Year One† suggests that it is set in prehistoric times, the first year of man, but the title doesn’t really have a comic sense about it, I believe this is why the director cast Jack Black to star in it, he is a very well known for his comedy roles. People will know that a film with Jack as the main character is going to be entertaining and funny so will choose to see it on that basis. The advertising poster for â€Å"Bride Wars† implies some type of confrontation in the plot. In â€Å"Bride Wars† the actors Kate Hudson and Anne Hathaway have a look in their eyes of pure distain. Anne Hathaway is a popular actress with female audiences of all ages. She has featured in many other films such as Princess Diaries, Ella Enchanted, Devil wears Prada and Brokeback Mountain, again she has a good following. In the poster both young ladies are dressed in wedding dresses this helps to emphases the term â€Å"bride† to look more potent, The actors have their hair down, which suggest a fight is about to break out, as brides nearly always have their hair up in an â€Å"updo†. The poster for â€Å"Year One† doesn’t imply a lot, being dressed in animal cloth relates to the title of the film and lets the audience know that this movie is set in pre-historic times. This leads me to think they might have gotten lost in an adventure, their body language looks like they have just seen something that is confusing or worrying to them. The colours used in each poster have soft tones, nothing potent or eye catching. Except the titles as this is what grabs the audience’s attention as they walk past. â€Å"Bride Wars† uses the colour theme of white and cream, these colours are usually associated with weddings e. g. purity, virgin brides, and wedding dresses, this again emphases the term â€Å"Bride. Year One’s theme is a desert landscape with a blue sky, this suggests it’s a hot day and they might be lost. The actors are the main focus of these posters; this suggests that the films revolve around them. The tag lines are intriguing, the tag line for Bride Wars suggests a confrontation within the film, and the tag line for â€Å"Year One† doesn’t give any clues to the plot of the film. This makes the person reading the poster want to learn more about these tag lines and what happens in the film, these help to grab the audience’s attention to hopefully go and see the film to find out more about them. The bold text in the â€Å"Year One† poster against the desert background makes the text stand out in the poster and catch people eye as they see it. The â€Å"Bride Wars† text on the word bride is similar to the text used on wedding invitations and further relates back to the film title. I think both posters have a target audience. Bride Wars is aimed at female teenagers and also would be appealing to female adults as it is about love and marriage. It is a feminine film, these are sometimes referred to as â€Å"chick flicks. † Year One is more of a teenagers film, not quite as girly as Bride Wars so might appeal to a wider audience. Teenagers are big fans of comedies and new movies that have just been released, they feel they can relate to them as they are light hearted and not serious. These posters inform their intended audience about the film, they try to entice them with intriguing tag lines that make the reader interested and wanting to see the film, and as they say â€Å"curiosity killed the cat. † They also inform people about the name, age certificate, genre, actors, and director, trying to persuade them in every way they can to see their film, to make it a success. In conclusion the posters are about as different as the films, â€Å"Year One† gives very little away about what is going to happen in the film so people will be curious to find out more, and perhaps research the film or discuss with friends what it’s about. Word of mouth is the best advert so getting people to talk about the film is a main goal for the poster. On the other hand the poster for â€Å"Bride Wars† lets you know the plot of the film, so when people see it they can make an instant decisions whether it interests them or not. Seeing two brides holding knives makes your imagination run and you just want to know what is going to happen. Both posters have a different target market, which explains why they are so different as they are tailored to appeal to different audiences. The posters have to grab and get the attention and curiosity of the people that they are aimed at and ultimately encourage them to want to go and see the film. Hopefully after seeing the film they will relay their experiences and enjoyment to other people and that will entice them to see the film too! Bride Wars and Year One They get the wedding planner of their dreams, Marion St Clair who turns out to be the wedding planner of their nightmares and accidently books their weddings on the same day! Neither of them will agree to change their date, so they become enemies. As the tag line quotes â€Å"Even best friends can’t share the same wedding day. † The cake knives are out, but how will everything turn out? â€Å"Year One† is an American film also released in 2009, it is an example of a romantic adventure comedy. It is about two accident-prone Palaeolithic warriors. Jack Black who plays â€Å"Zed â€Å" is a prehistoric would-be hunter he gets kicked out of the tribe in the forest for eating the forbidden fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. His side kick, â€Å"Oh† played by Michael Cera is a gatherer and turns up to â€Å"try† and save him. The film is about their adventures set in the prehistoric era trying to save their two friends Maya and Eema. Both girls are from their former tribe and have been captured and sold into slavery, on their travels Zed and Oh meet Biblical characters on route to the city of Sodom. Do they succeed in saving them? Although they are of the same genre they couldn’t be more different films. â€Å"Bride Wars† is set in the 21st century, whereas â€Å"Year One† is set in Palaeolithic era, this means there is a very big contrast between them. Bride Wars gives the impression of being a comedy from the expressions on both the actors’ faces. They are both looking straight into each other’s eyes showing a devious look with a comic smirk, in a horror film there would be no trace of a comic smirk. â€Å"Year One† has the aesthetics of a comedy with Jack Black’s expression being apprehensive and confused, his eyebrow is raised. Michael Cera’s facial expression is one of worried eyes which suggests he is just merely a side kick, and doesn’t really have a say in what Jack is going to do next! â€Å"Bride Wars† gives the impression of comedy on the poster, you would never expect brides to have a â€Å"war† or the weapons to be cake knives. Year One† suggests that it is set in prehistoric times, the first year of man, but the title doesn’t really have a comic sense about it, I believe this is why the director cast Jack Black to star in it, he is a very well known for his comedy roles. People will know that a film with Jack as the main character is going to be entertaining and funny so will choose to see it on that basis. The advertising poster for â€Å"Bride Wars† implies some type of confrontation in the plot. In â€Å"Bride Wars† the actors Kate Hudson and Anne Hathaway have a look in their eyes of pure distain. Anne Hathaway is a popular actress with female audiences of all ages. She has featured in many other films such as Princess Diaries, Ella Enchanted, Devil wears Prada and Brokeback Mountain, again she has a good following. In the poster both young ladies are dressed in wedding dresses this helps to emphases the term â€Å"bride† to look more potent, The actors have their hair down, which suggest a fight is about to break out, as brides nearly always have their hair up in an â€Å"updo†. The poster for â€Å"Year One† doesn’t imply a lot, being dressed in animal cloth relates to the title of the film and lets the audience know that this movie is set in pre-historic times. This leads me to think they might have gotten lost in an adventure, their body language looks like they have just seen something that is confusing or worrying to them. The colours used in each poster have soft tones, nothing potent or eye catching. Except the titles as this is what grabs the audience’s attention as they walk past. â€Å"Bride Wars† uses the colour theme of white and cream, these colours are usually associated with weddings e. g. purity, virgin brides, and wedding dresses, this again emphases the term â€Å"Bride. Year One’s theme is a desert landscape with a blue sky, this suggests it’s a hot day and they might be lost. The actors are the main focus of these posters; this suggests that the films revolve around them. The tag lines are intriguing, the tag line for Bride Wars suggests a confrontation within the film, and the tag line for â€Å"Year One† doesn’t give any clues to the plot of the film. This makes the person reading the poster want to learn more about these tag lines and what happens in the film, these help to grab the audience’s attention to hopefully go and see the film to find out more about them. The bold text in the â€Å"Year One† poster against the desert background makes the text stand out in the poster and catch people eye as they see it. The â€Å"Bride Wars† text on the word bride is similar to the text used on wedding invitations and further relates back to the film title. I think both posters have a target audience. Bride Wars is aimed at female teenagers and also would be appealing to female adults as it is about love and marriage. It is a feminine film, these are sometimes referred to as â€Å"chick flicks. † Year One is more of a teenagers film, not quite as girly as Bride Wars so might appeal to a wider audience. Teenagers are big fans of comedies and new movies that have just been released, they feel they can relate to them as they are light hearted and not serious. These posters inform their intended audience about the film, they try to entice them with intriguing tag lines that make the reader interested and wanting to see the film, and as they say â€Å"curiosity killed the cat. † They also inform people about the name, age certificate, genre, actors, and director, trying to persuade them in every way they can to see their film, to make it a success. In conclusion the posters are about as different as the films, â€Å"Year One† gives very little away about what is going to happen in the film so people will be curious to find out more, and perhaps research the film or discuss with friends what it’s about. Word of mouth is the best advert so getting people to talk about the film is a main goal for the poster. On the other hand the poster for â€Å"Bride Wars† lets you know the plot of the film, so when people see it they can make an instant decisions whether it interests them or not. Seeing two brides holding knives makes your imagination run and you just want to know what is going to happen. Both posters have a different target market, which explains why they are so different as they are tailored to appeal to different audiences. The posters have to grab and get the attention and curiosity of the people that they are aimed at and ultimately encourage them to want to go and see the film. Hopefully after seeing the film they will relay their experiences and enjoyment to other people and that will entice them to see the film too!

Should Athletes be role models Annotated Bibliography

Should Athletes be role models - Annotated Bibliography Example Dr. Connor asks that are the millions spent on the quest for Olympic gold really value for money. The investment is meant to buy success, create role models and encourage engagement, but it does not. The Olympics was founded on participation and the "spirit" of sport. We have now moved so far into ugly nationalism and crass commercialism. The role-model argument is an obvious furphy. Nary has a week gone by without yet another scandal involving an elite athlete - be it drugs, alcohol or violence. As role models, they certainly are poor choices. Athletes, by definition, are obsessive often to the point of being clinically compulsive in their behavior. The author of this article has presented two contradicting views of people about athletes and their conduct as role model. He elucidates that there are two groups of people having varied opinion about it. One group believes that athletes are just similar to other professionals who are being hired and paid by their employers to exhibit best possible performance in their respective sports and, by no means, they are liable to act as role models. While the other group believes that, sportsmen have assumed the status of public figures and they are sometimes blindly being followed by people specially the youth, so it is their social and moral obligation to present themselves as role models. The author of this book is a female athlete and presents women athletes as cultural icons.

Intelligence-led policing requirements of COMPSTAT Essay

Intelligence-led policing requirements of COMPSTAT - Essay Example The implication of this is that the commander naturally throws in his ‘enthusiastic support and energetic leadership’ to the program and the immediate goal of the program considering that his name and reputation is on the line, which is tangibly manifested by his obligation to personally deliver the report in the presence of the top brass and other units. COMPSTAT, like ILP, is largely based on the analysis of crime-related data and statistics, with analysts forming an integral part of its operations collating all submitted crime-related data and making sense of them through the crime mapping. The analysts then prepare the COMPSAT book, upon which the week’s presentation and discussions during the standard COMPSAT session are based on. The only difference is that in the ILP, the data gathered and collected are not necessarily known facts and statistics but unconventionally gathered data from tips, leads and reports of suspicious activities. Meetings and sessions a re also held in the COMPSTAT policing program periodically conducted usually, at least, once a week. This meetings and sessions, however, cannot be strictly categorized as the strategic and tactical, as required in ILP, because they consist mostly of presentation by a commander of the crime-related incidents in his/her jurisdiction and the strategies taken as a consequence and an interrogation of some sort by a facilitator, usually the chief or his designated assistant, of the law enforcers commander.

Evolution vs Creationism Essay Example for Free

Evolution vs Creationism Essay Many people have their different opinions on how the world came to be. In some cases, people think that the world came to existence from what we call The Big Bang Theory, and others think it was The Almighty God that created the world. I will begin to explain what each is, the origin they came from and their evidence to support their own explanation of how the world was created. What is evolution? Well, evolution can be a difficult concept for people to come to terms with, especially if they do not have much experience with life sciences. Unfortunately, there are too many examples of people who do not understand any of it with many of these people tries to criticize evolution while promoting creationism. Evolution is not a minor matter; it is, in fact, the cornerstone of all modern biology. What is creationism? Like evolution, creationism can have more than one meaning. At its most basic, creationism is the belief that the universe was created by The Almighty God. In some cases, it even is stated that creationism is someone who believes in a god who is absolute creator of heaven and earth, out of nothing, by an act of free will. Many might say that the origins of the evolution came to terms that the universe, with all it contains (space, time, matter and energy) exploded from nothing which is considered The Big Bang, and is the accepted theory among the majority of evolutionists. Evolution is a very unique â€Å"science.† Unlike the origin of creationism, were people believe that it came from The Almighty God. This generally means the taking of the Bible, particularly the early chapters of Genesis, as literally true guides to the history of the universe and to the history of life, including us humans, down here on earth. In a way, creationism is more of a restricted sense of a variety of beliefs that people have in this century and previous ones as well. The evidence that support these findings is very different in many aspects. People say that with evolution, the evidence is very visible. For example, there is biochemical evidence, genetic evidence, and also fossil evidence for how evolution came about. But in creationism, there isn’t any evidence to support it whatsoever. Understanding evolution over creationism is greatly aided by a better understanding of what kinds of evidence exist out there as well as how and why all the evidence clearly supports evolutionary theory but not creationist religion.

Faustus Study and Opening Speech -- Doctor Faustus Plays English Lite

Faustus' Study and Opening Speech The scene now shifts to Faustus’s study, and Faustus’s opening speech about the various fields of scholarship reflects the academic setting of the scene. In proceeding through the various intellectual disciplines and citing authorities for each, he is following the dictates of medieval scholarship, which held that learning was based on the authority of the wise rather than on experimentation and new ideas. This soliloquy, then, marks Faustus’s rejection of this medieval model, as he sets aside each of the old authorities and resolves to strike out on his own in his quest to become powerful through magic. As is true throughout the play, however, Marlowe uses Faustus’s own words to expose Faustus’s blind spots. In his initial speech, for example, Faustus establishes a hierarchy of disciplines by showing which are nobler than others. He does not want merely to protect men’s bodies through medicine, nor does he want to protect their property through law. He wants higher things, and so he proceeds on to religion. There, he quotes selectively from the New Testament, picking out only those passages that make Christianity appear in a negative light. He reads that â€Å"[t]he reward of sin is death,† and that â€Å"[i]f we say we that we have no sin, / We deceive ourselves, and there is no truth in us† (1.40–43). The second of these lines comes from the first book of John, but Faustus neglects to read the very next line, which states, â€Å"If we confess our sins, [God] is faithful and just to forgive us our sins, and to cleanse us from all unrighteo usness† (1 John 1:9). Thus, through selective quoting, Faustus makes it seem as though religion promises only death and not forgiveness, and so he easily rejects religion with a fatalistic â€Å"What will be, shall be! Divinity, adieu!† (1.48). Meanwhile, he uses religious language—as he does throughout the play—to describe the dark world of necromancy that he enters. â€Å"These metaphysics of magicians / And necromantic books are heavenly† (1.49–50), he declares without a trace of irony. Having gone upward from medicine and law to theology, he envisions magic and necromancy as the crowning discipline, even though by most standards it would be the least noble. Faustus is not a villain, though; he is a tragic hero, a protagonist whose character flaws lead to his downfall. Marlowe imbues him with tragic gr... ...here but down, into mediocrity. There is no sign that Faustus himself is aware of the gulf between his earlier ambitions and his current state. He seems to take joy in his petty amusements, laughing uproariously when he confounds the horse-courser and leaping at the chance to visit the Duke of Vanholt. Still, his impending doom begins to weigh upon him. As he sits down to fall asleep, he remarks, â€Å"What art thou, Faustus, but a man condemned to die?† (10.24). Yet, at this moment at least, he seems convinced that he will repent at the last minute and be saved—a significant change from his earlier attitude, when he either denies the existence of hell or assumes that damnation is inescapable. â€Å"Christ did call the thief upon the cross,† he comforts himself, referring to the New Testament story of the thief who was crucified alongside Jesus Christ, repented for his sins, and was promised a place in paradise (10.28). That he compares himself to this figure shows that Faustus assumes that he can wait until the last moment and still escape hell. In other words, he wants to renounce Mephastophilis, but not just yet. We can easily anticipate that his willingness to delay will prove fatal.

Point of Sale Essay

The point of sale is the place and time at which a transaction takes place. Whenever a buyer and seller come together for the purpose of conducting a transaction, a point of sale is created. Also called a point of purchase, a point of sale can take a wide variety of forms. The cash register line in a gasoline fueling station is a point of sale, for example, as is the checkout page in an online store. The point of sale can be a salesperson’s desk in an auto dealership, as another example, as can someone’s front porch in a door-to-door sales transaction. Transaction Processing System A transaction processing system can be defined as a set of policies, procedures, equipment and technology designed to facilitate transactions at the point of sale. Transaction processing systems have evolved alongside advances in technology to add convenience, reliability and security to business transactions. Just like the point of sale itself, transaction processing systems can take a variety of forms. A cash box and a pad of paper at a lemonade stand is considered a transaction processing system, for example, as is a complex software package that connects digital cash registers, credit card processors, inventory databases and accounting software. Correlation For every point of sale there must be a transaction processing system to accompany it. The correlation is so close that software-driven transaction processing systems are often referred to as POS (point of sale) terminals. Different point of sale situations call for different transaction processing systems, and new transaction processing systems emerge to facilitate new point of sale types. An online retailer, for example, would be unwise to use a hand-operated cash register to process transactions over the phone; instead, online retailers often rely on software transaction processing systems. Other Applications The point of purchase is an important concept for other marketing disciplines in addition to sales. Point of purchase displays in retail outlets use advertising or sales promotions to encourage impulse purchases while customers stand in line, for example. The 21st century has seen the rise of mobile points of sale and transaction processing systems, bypassing traditional cash-register sales models for face-to-face selling situations. In Apple’s retail stores, for example, salespeople use smartphone credit-card readers and mobile transaction processing systems to ring customers up wherever they stand. http://smallbusiness.chron.com/point-sale-vs-transaction-processing-systems-17548.html 7 reasons to switch to a point-of-sale system By Jeff Wuorio If you’re a veteran retailer, you know the problem: Your inventory doesn’t match your tallies. Sales are going unrecorded. Your staff is spending far too much time chasing mistakes instead of tending to customers. Something is seriously wrong, and you’re just not sure what the problem is. These and other snafus suggest that it’s time that your business did away with its cash registers and stepped up to a point-of-sale (POS) system, such as Microsoft Dynamics Retail Management System and Microsoft Dynamics Point of Sale (POS) . A POS system is a computer software and hardware network that records sales as they’re occurring; it solves a variety of operational and record-keeping headaches. If you need more proof, here are seven signs that your business could boom with a point-of-sale system. 1. Your â€Å"sudden shrink† no longer goes undetected. POS systems such as Retail Management System are designed to immediately record any and all sales. N ot only does that mean timely and accurate sales tracking, but a POS system also lets you readily identify inventory levels, particularly when what you have on the books doesn’t jibe with actual stock. â€Å"You see it with the onset of sudden shrink—when you realize that inventory is missing or your numbers just never seem to match up,† says John Rarrick of RBS Inc., a Nyack, N.Y., consulting concern specializing in startups and small businesses. â€Å"Almost every modern POS has a receiving and inventory module that, when used properly, can help pinpoint the cause of the shrink.† 2. Markdown management is much easier. A common land mine for many small to medium-sized businesses is price reduction—knowing which items have been marked down and recording those discounts accordingly. Rather than wrestling with cash-register receipts at day’s end, a POS automates the process of introducing markdowns and, in turn, tracking them accurately. â€Å"The trends in POS are not just inventory accuracy but the use of pricing models to allow for markdown management,† says Gary Ruffing, senior director of retail services for BBK Ltd., a business advisory firm in Southfield, Mich. 3. Promotions can be tracked more successfully. A similar dynamic holds true with promotions. Whether through coupons, special discounts or other vehicles, promotions can be central to attracting and retaining business. Trouble is, managing and reconciling short-term specials—not to mention pinpointing their impact—can be nigh impossible without the automation and immediacy of a point-of-sale system. â€Å"Many small retailers invest in things such as direct home marketing,† Rarrick says. â€Å"At the end of the promotion, those with manual cash registers are hard pressed to tell you how successful the promotion was. The POS store can pretty much tell you to the penny how they did.† 4. You can maintain control in absentia. You may be surprised to discover that you actually run two businesses: one when you’re there and its evil twin when you don’t happen to be around. Many operations suffer in employee efficiency and customer service when the boss is away. Automating a host of functions via a POS can help boost those areas, no matter where the head honcho happens to be.†You simply can’t be there all the time,† says Jim Melvin, chief executive officer of Siva Corp., a Delray Beach, Fla., company which provides point-of-sale systems to restaurants. â€Å"A POS lets you have that important level of control when you’re not there.† 5. Your prices are consistent from one location to the next. Nothing can prove more embarrassing than having a customer question why one item has one price at one store, yet a different price at another. If your business operates at more than one location, a point-of-sale system ensures pricing consistency.Even better, a POS system automates overall inventory control, helping to keep stocks in proper balance depending on demand and other factors, which can vary from one location to the next. â€Å"It really lends itself to a better overall customer experience—the sorts of things a customer expects when he walks through the front door,† says Melvin. 6. You get many tools in a single package. Buying business equipment piecemeal can be pricey. If you find your checkbook wearing thin from the expense of software and other gear, a comprehensive point-of-sale system may include them in a single package. â€Å"Most POS systems have add-on modules like payroll time clocks and customer preference databases,† says Rarrick. â€Å"That removes the need for small businesses to invest in separate systems for those purposes.† 7. You can make better use of your personnel. Little is more maddening to a business owner than watching his or her staff bogged down with inefficient, unproductive responsibilities, from double-checking inventory disparities to seemingly endless cash-register reconciliation. Perhaps the greatest advantage to a comprehensive point-of-sale network is the freedom it can afford your personnel to devote their energy to what genuinely matters the most: helping customers.†A good POS allows you to allocate your human resources to the customer service area of the business,† Ruffing says. â€Å"That means they no longer have to be counting, calculating, ordering, and checking cash-register accuracy.† http://www.microsoft.com/business/en-us/resources/technology/business-software/7-reasons-to-switch-to-a-point-of-sale-system.aspx?fbid=o1kGJp5H1vJ Since it opened its doors to the Philippines in December 2000, MINISTOP has always envisioned becoming the leader in the convenience store industry. MINISTOP has made its presence felt by being the community’s warmest and friendliest modern combo store. It takes pride in its wide range of quality products, at affordable prices and value-added service. An introduction to point of sale software Point of sale software gives business owners a convenient way of checking out customers and of recording sales. It can keep a record of the store inventory, updating it when an order is processed. It can also print out receipts, carry out credit card processing, track customers, etc. Point of sale software eases the flow at checkout terminals, while recording all the information that can help you make better business decisions. Point of sale software allows users to input via keyboard or mouse, and some even have a touch screen interface. You can install the software on your checkout register. When checking out a customer you can either input the sales item yourself or use a bar code scanner. The point of sale software will look up the item in the inventory and bring up the price. It can also calculate tax on the item and change for the customer. POS software can print out receipts and reports. Point of sale software makes your business accounting a lot easier by creating reports on inventory, sales, customers, etc. Since it is already recording each sale, it can easily tell you the sales and revenue of the day. Point of sale software can also help with credit card processing. Credit cards are the preferred method of payment. People do not want to carry around cash for all their purchases. Credit card is a convenient method of payment and if you do not have credit card processing, your business can lose some of its competitiveness. Point of sale software receives input from the POS hardware, which is the scanning station for the credit card. The software will process the credit card payment for you. It can check that the card has not expired and is valid. You will need a merchant account for the point of sale software to do its job. POS software is generally easy to install and easy to use. You will need to know how to update inventory and record a price change for an item. Point of sale software. 15 November 2004 Proposal: Point of Sale for The Brighter Side Most small businesses under estimate the importance of managing their inventory. They do not realize that many headaches and fire drills are caused by the lack of control and knowledge of their inventory. Whether it is a lack of knowledge of the quantity or specs of a certain product, businesses too frequently use outdated inventory systems. Insufficient systems do not allow them to get the most out of their inventory, because when used properly, inventory management systems allow businesses to make a concise, real time analysis of products and markets that help them make better business decisions. Inventory management systems also allow businesses to better serve their customers since they keep a detailed and accurate record of purchase histories and trends so they can reorder products more efficiently. With a controlled inventory, management will be notified when products need to be rendered, are selling quickly or are disappearing due to theft. In essence, the business becomes organized and by controlling inventory, profits can increase. Inventory management allows businesses to make smart and informed decisions about promotions and specials since they are better able to monitor rate of turn for their merchandise. In addition, they let management know when a product is no longer profitable. Products are the heart and soul of a business. Even with the best customer service, they will not be profitable without a commodity to sell. It is the purpose between the business and its customer. It was interesting to hear from Kelly O’Donnell, an owner for The Brighter Side, tell that her company does not use any inventory control whatsoever. The Brighter Side spends thousands of dollars on merchandise but does not systematically control how the products are doing or how much is left. During our interview I said to her, â€Å"Do you send your daughter to school to learn and not see how her.. Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature This chapter tackles about the related literature of this certain system and also the theory of the author about her system. Related Literature The hardware of a POS system is also distinctive and important. A typical system includes a display screen for the clerk, a customer display, a cash drawer, a credit card swiping system, a printer, and a bar code scanner, along with the computer loaded with the POS software. Custom features may be added or removed, depending on the industry. A restaurant POS system, for example, may have a feature which prints order tickets directly in the kitchen, or a grocery store may have an integrated scale for weighing goods. Early electronic cash registers (ECR) were controlled with proprietary software and were very limited in function and communications capability. In August 1973 IBM announced the IBM 3650 and 3660 Store Systems that were, in essence, a mainframe computer packaged as a store controller that could control 128 IBM 3653/3663 point of sale registers. This system was the first commercial use of client-server technology, peer to peer communications, Local Area Network (LAN) simultaneous backup and remote initialization. By mid-1974, it was installed in Pathmark Stores in New Jersey and Dillard’s Department Stores. Programmability allowed retailers to be more creative. In 1979 Gene Mosher’s Old Canal Cafe in Syracuse, New York was using POS software written by Mosher that ran on an Apple II to take customer orders at the restaurant’s front entrance and print complete preparation details in the restaurant’s kitchen. In that novel context, customers would often proceed to their tables to find their food waiting for them already. This software included real time labour and food cost reports. In 1986 Mosher used the Atari ST and bundled NeoChrome paint to create and market the first graphical touch screen POS software.

History of Life on Earth

Chapter 25: History of Life on Earth Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Early Earth * The Earth probably formed about 4. 6 billion years ago, and was bombarded with rocks and other material until about 3. 9 billion years ago. * The Earth then cooled, allowing for the formation of oceans. Scientists hypothesize the general atmosphere, or at least some regions, were naturally reducing environments, meaning that they added electrons to compounds. * Activation energy provided by lightening or UV radiation may have been able to create organic compounds and amino acids, as demonstrated by a number of modern experiments.Abiotic Synthesis of Macromolecules * Experiments have been done in which amino acid solutions in hot sand have formed polymers, but not true proteins. These polymers may have functioned as basic catalysts of some kind, however. Protobionts * Cells have genetic material in the form of DNA and RNA, which they are also capable of replicating. Nothing like this has been generate d spontaneously in lab experiments. * However, early structures called  protobionts  have had some of the capabilities associated with life.Experiments have spontaneously create protobionts, which are simple sphere of membrane that can perform simple metabolic and reproductive functions. * Note: phospholipids spontaneously form a bilayer, like the membrane that surrounds cells, so that part of the puzzle is easy to solve. Self-Replicating RNA and the Dawn of Natural Selection * Simple RNA structures called  ribozymes  can carry out basic chemical reactions and are even capable of replicating themselves. * As ribozymes replicated themselves (with errors) protobionts could have developed internal collections of slightly different enzymes that formed a rudimentary metabolic system.The RNA in these early â€Å"cells† may have served as a template for the eventual creation of a DNA genome, which would have reduced the number of errors made during replication. The Fossil Re cord * The fossil record gives a glimpse of life on Earth during different time periods and provides clues for evolutionary research. However, the fossil record also has significant gaps, but some are being filled by new discoveries. How Rocks and Fossils are Dated * Fossils appear in individual sediment layers, which tell us the order that they were formed in but not an actual age in years.Scientists use  radiometric dating  to determine absolute ages. * Radiometric dating is based on the fact that some radioactive elements have predictable  half-lives, or periods in which half of the substance will decay. If you know how much of a certain radioactive element an organism has when it died, such as carbon-14, you can determine its age by measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining today. * Older fossils are harder to date, but you can at least guess based on the age of fossils in the surrounding layers. The Origin of New Groups of Organisms The presence of certain bones, differ ent kinds of teeth and other characteristics can help researchers make inferences about what an animal may been like while it was alive. Changes between similar fossils of different time periods also show the pace of evolutionary change. The First Single-Celled Organisms * Scientists have found fossilized  stromolites  that are thought to have lived 3. 5 billion years ago – the earliest organisms discovered to date. Stromolites are mounds of prokaryotes that bind to their kin and other inorganic material. Photosynthesis and the Oxygen Revolution 2. 7 billion years ago, there were probably cynobacteria in the ocean that used  photosynthesis  for energy and released oxygen in the process.The oxygen that these bacteria released would have eventually begun reacting with iron, and finally escaped into the atmosphere as a gas. * This buildup of oxygen actually killed many prokaryotes, and provided a strong selective force in favor of cells that could use oxygen in their met abolism. The cells that survived the â€Å"oxygen revolution† are probably the ancestors of today’s  aerobic  organisms. The First Eukaryotes The earliest eukaryotes are thought to have lived around 2. 1 billion years ago. These early eukaryotes probably formed through  endosymbiosis, in which they engulfed small, living, cells and developed a mutualistic (mutually beneficial) relationship with them. * The  mitochondria, for example, may have been â€Å"formed† in this way. The mitochondria has a double membrane, maintains and replicates its own DNA and reproduce independently of the rest of the cell. The Origin of Multicellularity * As cells became more complex, they also came to exhibit greater diversity.Multicellular structures also began to form. The Earliest Multicellular Eukaryotes The earliest multicellular eukaryotes probably lived around 1. 5 billion years ago. Earth had a few ice ages between 750-580 million years ago. Eukaryote diversity incre ased after the end of this period. The Cambrian Explosion * Scientists have found a whole bunch of animal fossils from the Cambrian Period (535-525 million years ago). While previous animals seem to have mostly been herbivores or filter-feeders, the animals that arose during the  Cambrian Explosion  had claws and armor. Recent evidence, however, suggests that some of these animals were living before the Cambrian Period, so maybe â€Å"explosion† isn’t the best term.The Colonization of Land * Prokaryotes lived on land as long as 1 billion years ago, but larger organisms wouldn’t get there until around 500 million years ago. Plants, which often had mutually beneficial relationships with fungi, colonized the land and began developing specialized structures suited to life out of water. Arthropods, such as insects, also spread on to the land. Continental Drift Here’s something weird: the continents move. They might move really slowly, when you’re ta lking about millions of years, those tiny movements add up. This process, called  continental drift, involves the movement of the Earth’s plates. The collision of two plates can form mountain ranges, cause earthquakes, and so forth. Consequences of Continental Drift * Around 250 million years ago, most of the Earth’s land was concentrated into once massive continent called  Pangaea. As the plates moved, climates changed (sometimes dramatically) and many species went extinct.The separation of plates, in contrast, promotes  allopatric speciation. * These changes in the Earth’s geography help explain similarities between distant organisms, for example. Mass Extinctions * Species go extinct all the time, but there are also major events that are particularly important in evolutionary history –  mass extinctions. The â€Å"Big Five† Mass Extinction Events * Here are a few stats involving fives for you: * Over the past 500 million years * Weâ€⠄¢ve had 5 mass extinctions Each of which caused the deaths of more than 50% of the world’s species * In the  Permian mass extinction, massive volcanic activity spewed lava over 1. 6 million square kilometers and released a huge amount of carbon dioxide, which may have warmed the planet and indirectly caused the deaths of many aquatic organisms. * In the  Cretaceous mass extinction, which killed many of the dinosaurs, an asteroid probably struck the Earth. This would have created a huge cloud of debris that could block the sun and alter the planet’s climate rather significantly.Such an impact may have created the Chicxulub crater in Mexico. Is a Sixth Mass Extinction Under Way? * Humans haven’t killed as many species as the other mass extinctions did, but we’re killing them between 100-1,000 times faster than they normally die. And that could be a big problem. Consequences of Mass Extinctions * It generally takes a few million years for the number of species on the Earth to rebound after a mass extinction. These events also generally wipe out species without regard to their fitness or environmental adaptations.Adaptive Radiations * The diversity of organisms has increased in the last 250 million years, as populations adapt to new environmental conditions and undergo speciation. These  adaptive radiations  generally occur on a large scale after mass extinctions, which leave many ecological niches open. Worldwide Adaptive Radiations * After the dinosaurs went extinct around 65. 5 million years ago, mammals underwent significant adaptive radiation, filling the roles that now-extinct species had occupied in individual ecosystems. Regional Adaptive Radiations Hawaii, which is far from any other continent, is a particularly stark example of adaptive radiation. There are hundreds of species on Hawaii that don’t exist anywhere else in the world. Evolutionary Effects of Developmental Genes * Developmental patterns have also ch anged over time.* Changes in Rate and Timing * One common developmental change is  heterochrony, in which different parts of the body grow at different rates or at different times. Some organisms can undergo  phetomorphosis, in which the adult form of the organism retains traits that previously had been confined to children. Basically, if human adults started looking like babies, we would have a phetomorphosis situation on our hands. Changes in Spatial Pattern * Changes in the  homeotic genes, which control how and where individual body structures develop, could have led to the development of vertebrates and other organisms. The Evolution of Development * There are a few different ways that mutations can significantly influence body structure. Changes in Genes * Many organisms have similar genes that are nevertheless different enough to produce very different outcomes.By identifying and testing each difference between the two genes, researchers can pinpoint the precise changes that alter the gene’s function. Changes in Gene Regulation * Sometimes changes in gene regulation, and thus gene expression, can alter an organism’s body structure. These changes can be localized to specific types of cells, and thus are less potentially dangerous than changes to the genome itself. Evolutionary Novelties * Evolution doesn’t proceed with a final goal in mind, and just involves slight changes from one generation to the next. Over time, simpler structures can become more complex and useful.Structures can also develop into something that serves a totally different purpose than their original function. Evolutionary Trends * The problem with looking at evolutionary trends (such as â€Å"horses are getting bigger†), you’re examining a linear succession of different horse ancestors but rather a branched tree of ancestors that diverged in all different directions. * However, natural selection also works on entire species. If speciation is t he birth of a species and extinction is its death, natural selection could guide the development of these successive â€Å"generations† and thus create a trend.

Biased Language Definition and Examples

Biased Language Definition and Examples The term biased language refers to  words  and  phrases  that are considered prejudiced, offensive, and hurtful. Biased language includes expressions that demean or exclude people because of age, sex, race, ethnicity, social class, or physical or mental traits.   Bias in language refers to language that is uneven or unbalanced or not a fair representation, says the University of Massachusetts Lowell, adding that you should strive to avoid bias in writing and speaking because such language may contain â€Å"hidden messages† about the superiority or inferiority of various groups or types of people. Examples of Biased Language Bias  is prejudice toward or unfair characterization of the members of a particular group, says Stacie Heaps writing on  WriteExpress: Bias is so common in speech and writing that we often are not even aware of it. But it is the responsibility of everyone to become conscious of and write without bias. Heaps gives several examples of bias together with alternative (and unbiased) phrasing: Biased Language Alternatives If he is elected, he would be the first person of color in the White House. lf he is elected, he would be the first African-American in the White House. He has had the physical handicap since he was 5 years old. He has had the physical impairment since he was 5 years old. There are many elderly people in our town. There are many senior citizens (or seniors) in our town. Be sensitive to the feelings of the opposite sex, minorities, and special interest groups says  Cengage: Dont emphasize differences by separating society into we and  they by singling out minorities, particular genders, or groups of people such as those with disabilities and senior citizens. How to Avoid Bias in Your Writing Purdue OWL  provides some examples of biased language with alternatives you could use to avoid gender bias: Biased Writing Alternatives mankind humanity, people, human beings man’s achievements human achievements manmade synthetic, manufactured, machine-made the common man the average person, ordinary people man the stockroom staff the stockroom nine manhours nine staff-hours You have to be on guard against bias because it can so easily creep into your writing or speaking, but Cengage says its easy to avoid, as in this example: Before a surgeon can operate,  he  must know every relevant detail or the patients history. Remove the bias with just a simple adjustment: Before operating,  a  surgeon  must know every relevant detail of the patients history. You can just as easily avoid bias in race. Dont say: Attending the meetings were three doctors and an Asian computer programmer. In the example, Asian  is preferred to  Oriental, but why even single out this persons ethnicity? The sentence did not specify the ethnicity of the doctors, who were presumably Caucasian. Examples and Observations Be on guard for these types of bias in writing and speaking: Age:  Avoid derogatory or condescending terms associated with age. Little old lady can be rephrased as a  woman in her 80s, while an immature adolescent is better described as a teenager or teen.Politics:  In any election campaign, words referring to politics are full of connotations. Consider, for instance, how the word liberal has been used with positive or negative connotations in various election campaigns. Take care with words and phrases like radical, left-wing, and right-wing. Consider how your readers are expected to interpret these biased words.Religion:  Some older encyclopedia editions referred to devout Catholics and fanatical Muslims. Newer editions refer to both Catholics and Muslims as devout, thus eliminating biased language.  Health and abilities:  Avoid phrases like confined to a wheelchair and victim (of a disease), so as not to focus on differences and disability. Instead, write or say someone who uses a wheelchair and a person with  (a disease). Biased language can defeat your purpose by damaging your credibility, say Gerald  J. Alred, Charles T. Brusaw, and Walter E. Oliu in their Handbook of Technical Writing. They add: The easiest way to avoid bias is simply not to mention differences among people unless the differences are relevant to the discussion. Keep current with accepted usage and, if you are unsure of the appropriateness of the expression or the tone of a passage, have several colleagues review the material and give you their assessments. As you write and speak, remember that biased language insults the person or group to which it is applied, say  Robert DiYanni and Pat C. Hoy II in their book, The Scribner Handbook for Writers. When you use biased language- even inadvertently- you denigrate others, creating division and separation, they say. So, strive to use unbiased language, and you will show that as a speaker or writer, you are including all potential members of your audience without segregating and referring pejoratively to a select few.

Rights, Equity and the State assignment questions

Rights, Equity and the State questions - Assignment Example Naturally, human beings possess moral rights. Any actions that lead to the violation of these rights is illegalized to guarantee human beings an acceptable, honourable, and copious living. Rights serve to compel the state from acting in a certain way, positive rights, or to prevent the state from acting in a certain way, negative rights, for the welfare of humanity. The multidimensional association between political and economic structures have had an immense impact on the provision of human rights. Citizens can only break out of poverty if they are given rights. However, the current economic grants economic rights such as the right to own property to a few privileged individuals while most are left suffering and exposed to insecurity, a factor that is also bolstered by marginalization. Lack of economic rights reduces individuals to a state of inability to act thus human rights are straightforwardly compromised. Similarly, the political structure does not prioritize enforcement of human rights as they are not enshrined in the law. The enforcement of legislative powers also obstructs enactment of economic rights of subjects. Negligence of and feebleness of some leaders further makes it hard for them to foster diversity, equity, and inclusion as ways of guaranteeing human rights. Most citizens are economically and consequently politically deprived making it difficult for them to claim their rights thus increasing their susceptibility. Since it is part of Canada’s constitution, it is considered a supreme law and surpasses any other law that seems to contradict it. Social and economic rights such as the right to decent living are not covered by the Charter. In its subdivision 15, the Charter specifies equality rights prohibiting any form of discrimination while other sections address political and civil rights. Moreover, the Charter has a

Retail Business Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Retail Business Analysis - Research Paper Example A retail establishment that implemented generic marketing and segmentation approaches is a Reebok store. Implementation of segmentation strategy The retail implemented the strategy by separating a big probable market into minor groups, which exude diverse retail needs. The retail started by categorizing their market thus stating the general boundaries of market they intended to segment. This is achievable at the product progress stage. As such, one needs to find information about the intended target. Later on, they established market segmentation drivers for every product, which is achievable basing on age. Furthermore, other determinants incorporate expenditure, likeability of other merchandise, demographic facts, and imbursement methods. After successfully doing that, they chose a critical strategy that defines major segments. In the last stage of the implementation, they prioritized basing on the resources that they could dedicate to their marketing effort and the likely outcome o f addressing each segment (Weinstein, 2004). Implementation of Generic market strategy The retailers implemented the strategy by identifying its strengths and weaknesses, uniqueness, advantage, and usual tendencies. After identifying themselves, the organization identified their customers by finding information about them. The organization could not make an assumption about each customer groups, so they had to know their market better than their competitors did. For them to acknowledge their customers, they had to talk and listen to them. By presenting questions to customers, they could find vital information like the reasons attributable to the non-utilization of their products. Moreover, they convinced their consumers to start buying their merchandise (Pizam, 2010). Additionally, they used a present-day date base system to get a relatively cheap and competent marketing tool. This system could record customers’ behaviors and expectations. The information acquired from the sy stem was instrumental in decision-making. In marketing, the amount of sales made is not necessary. However, the important aspect is the profit figure. This is because, in marketing, decisions derive their basis on profit and not on the amount of sales, which is significantly minor. For the organization to respond properly to its marketplace, it linked the customer database with other market information system and business brainpower system (Pizam, 2010). Another implementation step that the retailer employed was the application of differentiation. This enabled them to proffer remarkable benefits to their customers. Applying differentiation enabled them to know the values of their customers so that they could appeal to these values in an effective way than competitors. By differentiation, it is easier to identify their potency and the weaknesses of their rivals. They then developed a clear image of each segment (Pizam, 2010). During the implementation, the Reebok stores avoided to co mpete with its products in the same segment. The entity was clear in defining its own role and tried to cover all bases to discourage potential competitors. It therefore, built a good correlation with its consumers, while trying to avoid dependence on one customer or any product (Pizam, 2010). Improving implementation of segmented marketing For effective implementations of